Tools and Resources
Introduction
The statistics presented in the Finance and Prices chapter of this release cover:
Figures on financial returns from forestry are produced by another organisation; they are not designated as National Statistics, but are provided to give additional context.
Data Sources and Methodology
Timber Price Indices: Data sources
The Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index and the Softwood Sawlog Price Index are both based on sales of softwood (conifers) by the Forestry Commission and Natural Resources Wales; they do not include any private sector data. They only cover roundwood from woodland; they do not cover sawmill products or other end products.
The Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index (CSSPI) is based on administrative data for standing sales of conifers (softwood) by the Forestry Commission/ Natural Resources Wales. Around 60% of Forestry Commission/ Natural Resources Wales softwood is sold standing, with the purchaser responsible for harvesting. The standing sales cover a full range of sizes, as they include thinning and removal of trees for environmental reasons, as well as harvesting of mature trees. The data used to compile the index covers volumes sold and values by average tree size.
The Softwood Sawlog Price Index (SSPI) is based on administrative data for sales of softwood sawlogs by the Forestry Commission/ Natural Resources Wales. The data used to compile the index covers volumes and values. Direct production by the Forestry Commission/ Natural Resources Wales (where the softwood is sold after harvesting) also covers a range of sizes, but the price statistics reported are limited to sales of logs (over 14 cm diameter).
Both the Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index and the Softwood Sawlog Price Index include sales by long term contract, where the volume of roundwood covered by the contract is sold over a period of more than one year. To take account of changes in price over the term of the contract, price adjustments are made periodically, as part of the contract. The Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index and Softwood Sawlog Price Index include roundwood sales by long term contract but, at present, price adjustments are not included in the indices.
The data for both the Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index and the Softwood Sawlog Price Index are obtained from:
Further information on the administrative data is provided in the Statement of Administrative Sources on the FC Sales Recording Package, available at www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/about-our-statistics/code-of-practice/administrative-sources/.
Methodology for Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index
The Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index (CSSPI) is an index of the average prices per cubic metre overbark standing achieved for standing sales of conifers by the Forestry Commission/ Natural Resources Wales. It covers all conifer standing sales (open market and negotiated) by the Forestry Commission/ Natural Resources Wales over the twelve-month period. All thinning and clearfell data is combined within the index. It includes all species, tree sizes, working practices and conditions. It does not include any private sector data.
The Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index (CSSPI) is calculated using a Fisher index with 5-yearly chain linking. By using a Fisher index to produce the index, distortions in the average price caused by variations in the average tree size over time are corrected. Applying chain linking at regular intervals (in this case, every 5 years) ensures that the index remains relevant over time. Other factors that may affect price (e.g. working conditions, timber quality or species) are not taken into account when constructing the index.
The methodology used to calculate the Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index was reviewed in 2008, with the Fisher index with 5-yearly chain linking introduced from the November 2008 publication of “Timber Price Indices”. Further information on the methodology used to calculate the Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index is provided in the paper “Methodology for the Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index”, available from the Statistical Methodology and Outputs page of the Forestry Commission website on the Methodology Reviews page.
The average prices and the index are expressed in nominal terms (i.e. the actual prices at the time of sale) and in real terms (i.e. the prices converted to 2016). The GDP (Gross Domestic Product at market prices) deflator, produced by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), is applied to the nominal figures to derive real average prices and the index in real terms. The GDP deflator data can be downloaded from the ONS Quarterly National Accounts dataset at www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/timeseries/ybgb.
Methodology for Softwood Sawlog Price Index
The Softwood Sawlog Price Index is calculated from data covering separate 6-month periods to September and March. This means that the changes reported are not covering the same periods as the Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index.
The index measures the average price per cubic metre overbark of sawlog sales, with no adjustment for any change in size mix, as it covers a more limited range of sizes than the Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index.
The index was revised in May 2017 to correct a number of inconsistencies in the underlying data. This revised index, covering open market sales only and all lengths of log, was then extended in November 2017 to include sales by negotiation.
The index is expressed in nominal terms (i.e. based on the actual prices at the time of sale) and in real terms (i.e. based on the prices converted to 2016 prices, by removing the effects of general inflation). As for the Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index, the GDP (Gross Domestic Product at market prices) deflator is used to convert from nominal to real terms.
For consistency with the Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index, the Softwood Sawlog Price Index is rebased every 5 years; in this release, the period to September 2016 = 100.
Financial returns
Estimates of financial returns from commercial Sitka spruce plantations are compiled and published by Investment Property Databank Limited (IPD), www.msci.com/www/upd-factsheets/ipd-uk-annual-forestry-index/0163322597. The returns include changes in the value of forestry estates, as well as timber price changes.
Gross Value Added
Gross value added (GVA) measures the contribution to the economy of each individual producer, industry or sector in the United Kingdom.
Statistics on gross value added are obtained from the Annual Business Survey, formerly the Annual Business Inquiry, (Office for National Statistics), an annual survey of UK businesses. Further information on the Annual Business Survey is available at www.ons.gov.uk/surveys/informationforbusinesses/businesssurveys/annualbusinesssurvey
The Annual Business Survey uses the UK Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) to classify businesses to industries according to their main activity. Detailed information on the SIC is available at https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/classificationsandstandards/ukstandardindustrialclassificationofeconomicactivities/uksic2007. For further information on the SIC codes used in this release, see the previous page (Sources: Employment and businesses).
Government expenditure
Information about government expenditure on forestry is obtained from administrative records held by the Forestry Commission. Expenditure by Natural Resources Wales, Defra and other government departments/ Devolved Administrations is excluded.
Further information is available in the Statement of Administrative Sources on FC financial accounts, available at www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/about-our-statistics/code-of-practice/administrative-sources/. More detailed financial data for the Forestry Commission are published annually in the Annual Report & Accounts produced by National Offices.
Data on grant expenditure are obtained from administrative records for woodland grant schemes across GB. Further information is available in the Statement of Administrative Sources on FC grant schemes data, available at www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/about-our-statistics/code-of-practice/administrative-sources/.
Quality
The Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index and the Softwood Sawlog Price Index are the only official statistics published for roundwood prices in the UK. So, although they are limited to sales by the Forestry Commission and Natural Resources Wales, they are sometimes used as indicators of price trends for other UK softwood. In recent years, softwood has accounted for more than 90% of all timber harvested in Great Britain, and the Forestry Commission/ Natural Resources Wales has accounted for around 40% to 50% of all softwood sold.
For the Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index, data cover a 12-month period (i.e. data for the year to March and data for the year to September). As these periods overlap, comparisons of values should be made with the same period a year earlier.
Unlike the Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index, the Softwood Sawlog Price Index covers 6-month periods (i.e. data for the period October to March and data for the period April to September), so there is no overlapping.
Detailed information on the quality of the statistics presented in this publication is available in the “Quality Report: Timber Price Indices”, available at www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/about-our-statistics/code-of-practice/quality-of-official-statistics/.
Revisions
Most of the statistics presented in the Finance & Prices chapter have been previously released. The latest year figures for Government expenditure on forestry are published in this format for the first time in this release.
Timber price indices are unchanged from the figures provided in “Timber Price Indices: data to March 2018”. For details of revisions made since Forestry Statistics 2017 see the First Release, available at www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/statistics-by-topic/timber-statistics/timber-price-indices/.
Data on financial returns from forestry are not normally revised. Figures for earlier years have been revised from the figures included in “Forestry Statistics 2017” to reflect changes to the historic data released by IPD.
Data on Gross Value Added (GVA) are subject to revision whenever Annual Business Survey data are revised by the Office for National Statistics. Figures for 2015 have been revised from those shown in “Forestry Statistics 2017” to reflect revisions made to ABS results by ONS.
Data on Government expenditure are not normally revised, but may be subject to revision if revisions are made to the Forestry Commission’s financial accounts. Estimates of expenditure on research in 2013-14 to 2016-17 have been revised to exclude expenditure by Forest Research from external income. In addition, the figure for grant expenditure in England in 2016-17 (Table 8.6 and figure 8.3) has been revised up by £1.3m to include payment made in the following year for work undertaken in 2016-17.
The Forestry Commission’s revisions policy sets out how revisions and errors are dealt with and can be found at www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/4355/FCrevisions.pdf.
Further information
Tables providing longer time series of the Coniferous Standing Sales Price Index and the Softwood Sawlog Price Index and the underlying data used to produce them, are available at www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/statistics-by-topic/timber-statistics/timber-price-indices/.
Release schedule
For information on the release schedules of statistics produced by others, see relevant websites (above).
Timber Price Indices are published every six months, in May for data to end March and in November for data to end September. The next editions will be released on the following dates:
“Timber Price Indices: Data to September 2018” will be released on 15 November 2018;
“Timber Price Indices: Data to March 2019” will be released on 16 May 2019.
“Forestry Statistics 2019” and “Forestry Facts & Figures 2019” will be released on 26 September 2019.
Chapter 8: Finance & Prices